Hi Alan, thanks for your comment. It certainly is a fascinating field with intriguing implications. As far as understanding the possibility for addiction, it helps to think back to the basic neurobiology of associative learning: Consuming rewards (whether food, social/intellectual validation, psychoactive drugs, or “neuro-enhancing” drugs) induces learning mechanisms that instill our liking for the rewarding goal. We attribute values and motivational states to that reward, and we associatively learn to predict how and when to consume the reward. As long as the rewards gained from “neuroenhanced performances” are strong (and positive) enough, I think the basic neurobiology of associative learning could plausibly lead to interactions with addiction circuitry and dopaminergic pathways. Wow, these statistics in your link are very interesting! Thanks for sharing. There seem to be lot of tie-ins with religion as well. I am sure that the public will be thinking about these issues even more in the coming decades as we develop new technology and drugs. For that reason, now would perhaps be an ideal time to come up with an ethically sound foundation for how to proceed with neuroenhancement.